His video is doing really good. J Robert Alimer might be the most important physicist to have ever. Liv He never won a Nobel Prize changed the world more than most Nobel Prize Winners Under his leadership, the best physicists of the 20th century built the atomic bomb, forever changing the course of history. If there is another world war, this civilization may go under.

He has affected every war waged and every peace settled since the end of. World War II He also created a way for Humanity to destroy itself now I Am become death. What spoiler is it? World Guys guys guys, the atomic bombs already went off. What is that spoiler? It's the it's history BR it's history dude.

this video is about how to build an atomic bomb, the life of Oppenheimer and why serious scientists were worried about the explosion setting fire to the atmosphere, ending all life on. Earth Part of this video is brought to you by Ren When J Robert Oppenheimer Was 21, he placed an apple laced with toxic chemicals on the desk of his physics tutor. The tutor Patrick Blackett was an experimentalist and he had hounded Robert to do more of what he thought Robert wasn't very good at experiment work Oppenheimer had already been spending his days in a corner of JJ Thompson's basement laboratory attempting to make thin films of burum, which were used to study electrons. but Oppenheimer was clumsy and not good at this work.

He was soon avoiding his duties in the lab, spending his time listening to lectures and reading physics journals. It was 1925 and the oh my God Okay, okay, we we'll watch it ler. I Want to watch it? 21-year-old Oppenheimer was becoming fascinated by the new. This is not a spoiler to the movie.

Dude, this is like some some some history. The the movie is about how they did it internally and the history and the dial behind it. Fics, despite being surrounded by brilliant physicists like Rutherford and Chadwick Oppenheimer was deeply unhappy. He wrote I'm having a pretty bad time.

the lab work is a terrible boore and I'm so bad at it that it's impossible to feel that I'm learning anything. A friend walked in on him, lying on the floor of his room, which he called a miserable hole, groaning and rolling from side to side in emotional anguish. It was in this state that Robert attempted to poison Blacket. The specifics are lost to history.

There are conflicting reports if Oppenheimer used cyanide or something he found in the lab which would have just made Blacket sick. This story sounds unbelievable, but Oppenheimer himself confirmed it. Luckily, Blackett did not eat the apple, but the attempted poisoning became known to the Cambridge University authorities. Robert's parents were visiting their son from the Us at the time, and Julius Oppenheimer successfully lobbied Cambridge not to press criminal charges due to his family's wealth.

Robert wasn't even expelled from Cambridge on the condition that he had periodic counseling sessions with a psychiatrist in London What the in the? summer of 1926, Robert traveled to the University of Gingan. The chairman of the department was Max Borne, who just 2 years earlier had coined the term quantum mechanics. Bourne was reportedly a thoughtful and gentle teacher and had nurtured the work of Verer Heisenberg Wolf Gang Poy Enrio Fmy and Eugene Wigner basically the who's who of quantum Mechanics. The class that Oppenheimer was in was also extraordinary, including luminaries like Paul Der and John Von Noyman.

Where the academic culture at Cambridge focused on experimental physics, Goodan was all about theoretical physics and under Max Borne's mentorship Oppenheimer thrived, his mental health improved and he found a community of people who were as obsessed with physics as he was on November 14th, 1926, Robert wrote to Frank his younger brother you would like Gooding Gan I find the work hard thank God and almost Pleasant Robert was thriving and his talent was being recognized. Borne later wrote he was a man of great talent and he was. what is theoretical physics is. Is it like all all the theories of things that on on paper should work or does work but you can't really prove it.

It's like it's like we don't We don't have the technology or things aren't just possible to make it happen. but technically it should have been like that. conscious of his superiority in a way which was embarrassing and led to trouble. When Oppenheimer was 23, he graduated with his PhD in physics.

He wrote his thesis in German on the quantum theory of continuous Spectra. All in all, he published more than a dozen papers in the 2 years he was at Goodan. Many of them expanded upon the work of Verer Heisenberg who was just 3 years older than Oppenheimer. The two eventually met in 1927.

Same year Heisenberg published his groundbreaking paper on the quantum uncertainty principle. By all accounts, the pair got along well. There was no way to know that just 15 years later, they would be dead deadly. Rivals Attempting to build the first nuclear bomb Oppenheimer for the USA and Heisenberg for Nazi Germany.

At the time, it was thought that getting significant amounts of energy out of radioactive atoms was impossible. Ever since the discovery of radioactivity by Enri Beel Marie and Pierre K in the late 1890s, it was known that radioactivity was a passive process. Unstable atoms would just Decay at random, unpredictable times. And surely there was no way to control that.

In 1933 Ernest Rutherford Oppenheimer's old boss from Cambridge wrote that anyone who expects a source of power from the transformations of these atoms is talking moonshine that same year. Albert Einstein said that there is not the slightest indication that nuclear energy will ever be obtainable. It would mean that the atom would have to be shattered at will. So how would you break an atomic nucleus? Well, you could take a proton and accelerate it through a large electric field and then smash it into a nucleus.

This is exactly what John Cockroft and Ernest Walton did. in 1932. They accelerated protons into lithium nuclei, breaking them apart. The pair would later win a Nobel Prize for this work.

But a proton is positively charged. so it's repelled by all nuclei which are also positively charged. So to give them a hope of overcoming this barrier, Cockroft and Walton had to use 250,000 volts to accelerate the protons. Even then, only about one in a billion protons actually hit and split a lithium nucleus.

So guys is it is it positive Nega Like like polarity. so it like pushes against it so it's like hard for them to to to collide. This would not be an effective way to get energy, but there is another way. a magnet.

In 1932, the Neutron was discovered. This subatomic particle that's about. 1% heavier than a proton and it has no electric charge. so a neutron would not be repelled from a nucleus.

And in 1933, Leo Zard was thinking about how you could use neutrons to split nuclei. It suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbed one Neutron such an element if assembled in sufficient effciently large mass, could sustain a nuclear Chain Reaction But the thing is, nobody knew if there was an element that had a kind of nucleus that would do that. on the 29th of January 1939 Louise Alvarez A promising young physicist was getting a haircut while reading the San Francisco Chronicle Suddenly, he got out of the chair halfway through the haircut and ran to Oppenheimer's office. Alvarez Read an article about how two German chemists OT Han and Fritz Stman had successfully split an atom of uranium by bombarding it with neutrons Oppenheimer was not impressed.

That's impossible. He reportedly told the young Alvarez proceeding to mathematically prove on his Blackboard why fision could never be achieved. but the next day Alvarez had repeated the experiment and invited Oppenheimer to see it. Alvarez Later recalled that in less than 15 minutes, he not only agreed that the reaction was authentic, but also speculated that in the process extra neutrons would boil off that could be used to split more uranium atoms and thereby generate power or make bombs when a single atom of Uranium 235s.

The next day, the guy the guy went in the office and made some sort of bomb creator apart. It loses a little bit of mass which is released as energy following Einstein's mass energy equivalent. That is a tiny amount of energy about 20 times less than the amount required to raise a grain of sand the thickness of a piece of paper. But atoms are also tiny in a 1 kg lump of uranium.

There are about a trillion trillion atoms, so the energy quickly adds up soon. Almost everyone was convinced in August of 1939 Einstein who just 6 years earlier believed that nuclear bombs were impossible signed his name to a letter addressed to President Franklin Roosevelt. The letter actually written by Zard warned Roosevelt of the possibility of nuclear weapons. It also pointed out that Germany had access to uranium from the mines in Czechoslovakia, which was recently taken over by the Nazis Roosevelt began an informal uranium committee to discuss this topic, but then for 2 years nothing happened.

In 1941 Roosevelt upgraded the informal uranium committee to the S1 committee which would report Direct directly to the White House. The explicit goal was to develop an atomic bomb, and in May 1942 Oppenheimer was hired onto the committee to be the coordinator of Rapid rupture. So why was he selected well? After completing his PhD Oppenheimer became a physics Professor First at UC Berkeley and then at Caltech. The Brilliance he had shown under Max Borne's tutelage didn't fade.

indeed. it blossomed into a remarkable but strange physics career. In the 15 years after finishing his PhD Oppenheimer made important contributions to everything from Nuclear Physics to Quantum field Theory and even astrophysics. He had a number of Nobel prizewinning ideas.

One of his students, Willis lamb became a Nobel Laurate, but Oppenheimer himself was nominated three times, but never actually won the Nobel Prize. When asked why he thought that Oppenheimer never won the Nobel Prize Murray Gman said that he didn't have sites a German word that translates to sitting flesh, the ability to sit down in a chair for a long time and do the hard work. He never wrote a long paper or did a long calculation. He didn't have the patience for that.

Wolf Gang Po also said his ideas are very good, but his calculations are always wrong. but Oppenheimer was a chat chat. You guys say ADH chat. but you guys, you guys are proving you guys are proving it right that sometimes I'm not going to get into that I'm not going to get that amazing with people.

He was a natural and charismatic leader and this combination, his Charisma and his ability to generate great ideas would serve him well in the next phase of his life. On the 18th of September 1942 General Leslie Guys, it's it's not self glazing is that is that. I Think generally that these days ADHD is so thrown around ad ADHD everybody's medicated at the super young age and I think we lose potential on really intelligent creative minds I think there's a big loss there was put in charge of the Manhattan Project I was responsible for the development of the atomic bomb On day one, he ordered 1,200 tons of uranium ore. The next day he ordered to buy the Oak Ridge site site where the ore would be refined the next month.

In a surprising move, he chose Oppenheimer to be the Science Director of the soon to be established Los Alamos laboratory. Oppenheimer had just been selected to be the Chief Architect of the atomic bomb. The military establishment had concerns Oppenheimer did not have a Nobel Prize so would the scientists hired for the project respect his opinion and follow his leadership? Oppenheimer Also had no prior administrative experience over a large project like this. Furthermore, he was a theoretical physicist who, according to Isidor Rabbi was a very impractical fellow.

He didn't know anything about equipment, and then there was the problem of Oppenheimer's political stance. He had links to the Communist party including his wife Catherine who was a member of that party, but Groves was impressed by Oppenheimer He valued his overwhelming ambition. He also knew that Oppenheimer's ability to understand understand problems not just in physics but chemistry engineering and Metallurgy would be invaluable. Groves thought that Oppenheimer was a real genius.

chat chat. What if this guy chat was like was like an infiltrator and he didn't want didn't want United States to get let's say to have the bomb and he just kept making small mistakes to troll and stall the process and actually never got it done just to make sure that the people on the other side would win the race or something like that. Isn't that kind of crazy saying that? Why Oppenheimer knows about everything. He can talk to you about anything you bring up.

Well, not exactly. He doesn't know anything about sports. The two men couldn't have been more different. Oppenheimer weighed half as much as Groves despite both of them being nearly 6 feet tall.

Ideologically: Oppenheimer was a communist Groves A staunch conservative, but Groves was convinced that Oppenheimer would be the person that would build the atomic bomb before the Nazis and that was all that mattered. Isidor Robbie later commented that hiring Oppenheimer for this role was a real stroke of Genius On the part of General Groves who was not generally considered to be a genius, the Manhattan Project needed a location somewhere isolated to keep the project Secret Safe from enemy attack, and while no one wanted to admit it, somewhere that was sparsely populated just in case there was an accident, Oppenheimer proposed Los Alamos New Mexico He had fallen in love with the harsh desert in the mountains of New Mexico when he was in his 20s in 1929. Oppenheimer wrote to a friend my two great loves are physics and New Mexico it's a pity they can't be combined, but Oppenheimer had severely underestimated the logistical challenge ahead in 1943. Oppenheimer estimated that he'd need about six scientists supported by a handful of Engineers and technicians to make a bomb.

He was off by two orders of magnitude. 764 scientists would end up working for the Manhattan Project 302 of which would work at the Los Alamos site. Got it over 600,000 people in total were involved with the making of the atomic bomb. By this point, making the atom bomb didn't seem impossible.

It seemed likely on the 2nd of December 1942, a team of physicists at the University of Chicago led by Enrico Fmy created the world's first artificial nuclear reactor. Pile One. It consisted of 45 tons of uranium and uranium oxide and 330 tons of graphite blocks. Horrifyingly enough, it was located under the stands of the football field.

It generated about half a watt of power. What? And if you can make a nuclear power plant, you can make a bomb. The the only real difference between the two is how many neutrons hit the next atom causing it to split and release more neutrons. If on average that number is one, there will be a stable, self-sustaining Chain Reaction but it won't grow.

If it's less than one, the reaction will die down. Oh, I Get it more than one, the reaction will grow. This is known as the multiplication Factor K Nuclear reactions are similar to pandemics in this way. Uh yeah! I Seen the model.

The simulation model way to make a nuclear bomb is to get enough Phile material close together that it creates a runaway chain reaction. That amount is known as the critical mass. With Uranium 235, you need about 52 kg forming a sphere with a diameter of 17 cm. If you use Plutonium 239, the critical mass is much smaller, only around 10 kg, which would create a sphere only 10 cm wide.

For the first few years, the scientists worked on a Bom bomb with a gun type design. Inside a gun type bomb, you have two slabs of Uranium 235, both of which are below the critical mass. Then, using a conventional explosive like cordite, you rapidly fire one towards the other, so the combined mass is higher than the critical mass. When the uranium bullet is about 25 cm away, the nuclear chain reaction begins, resulting in an atomic explosion one on both sides.

Despite the simp design, it is not very efficient. Only a small percentage of the uranium underes Fion, so the total yield of the bomb is much smaller. You also run into some unexpected problems like how do you make sure the uranium slides smoothly through the barrel? Well, You use oil to lubricate the barrel, but all the synthetic oils the scientists tried would dry up in the end. The only oil they could find that would work was the oil from sperm whales.

Only about 7% of naturally occurring uranium is U235, the file fuel for nuclear bombs. When u235 absorbs a neutron, it briefly becomes U236, and then it rips itself roughly in half and releases on average 2.4 neutrons per fision. But when you get uranium out of the ground, most of it is U238, which doesn't undergo Fion. So to make a nuclear bomb, the science used gigantic Mass spectrometers to separate out and concentrate the U235 and the resulting substance was uranium with a much higher concentration of U235.

In other words, it was enriched. There was another option though, in early 1941, a new element was discovered or rather synthesized. When a nutron is absorbed by a nucleus of Uranium 238, it turns into Uranium 239. CH Chat.

It's like a A Refinery almost. They're refining the product and making it a more concentrated. It's like En enriched. U239 is unstable, so it decays into Neptunium, which then becomes Plutonium.

There are three things that matter for this story. First is that plutonium 239 is a great fuel for a nuclear bomb. It has a critical mass of only about 10 kilg. Second, it is cheaper to make than to separate Uranium 235.

and third, it reacts too quickly to be used in a gun type device. It would fizzle, meaning only a tiny fraction of the fuel would undergo fision. But there is a way to make a bomb using plutonium. Critical mass changes depending on the density of the material.

Under normal pressure conditions, 6 kg of Plutonium 239 won't explode, but if you compress it, the atoms get closer together and the chance of a stray Neutron hitting the nucleus increases. So the higher the density, the lower the critical mass. So if you set off conventional explosives around a ball of plutonium, you can get it compressed enough to start a nuclear. Chain Reaction dud I'm getting it.

and this was the whole idea behind the implosion bomb design. There are a couple ways to cheat. At first it's not likely that that the thing hits because of the of the polarity, but if one hits then it's A and then they split and then they it's a chain of reaction boom lowering theal mass. For one thing, you surround the sphere with a material that reflects neutrons DEC the fuel you need to start a chain reaction.

Think I'm done. You can also have a NE something that kickstarts the chain reaction. For the first implosion bomb, scientists created a device called the Urchin which was a tiny pellet weighing just 7 G and it would sit at the heart of the bomb. It was made of brillium and polonium separated by a layer of nickel and gold.

The idea was that when the explosives detonated, the shock wave would mix the burum and polonium together and the alpha particles from polonium would cause the burum to release a flood of neutrons which would set off the nuclear. Chain Reaction Boom Yeah yeah at least that yeah because the result of that is the blue little dudes and the blue little dudes collide with the with the nucleus and then it make and then it starts to boom boom boom bo boom boom. But the red ones are harder because they hit not as often as the polarity of it was the hope an atomic bomb had never been made before. Oppenheimer and the rest of the scientists at Los Alos needed to act quickly.

It was already 1945 and Truman wanted to test the weapon before the start of the pot. Stam conference. That's where Truman Churchill and Stalin would come together to plan the post-war peace. The conference began on the 17th of July.

The earliest date that everything could be ready for the bomb was just one day day earlier, so that is when the test was scheduled. It was codenamed Trinity the night before. Oppenheimer Was nervous there were so many things that could go wrong. The last test firing of the explosives without the actual plutonium core was a failure.

to calm himself. He recited a stanza from the Babad Gita the sacred Hindu poem he had actually translated the gaita from the original Sanskrit himself in battle in Forest at the precipice in the mountains on the dark great sea in the midst of javelins and arrows in sleep, in confusion in the depths of Shame The Good Deeds A man has done before defend him. Perhaps more terrifying than the idea of the bomb not working was that it would work too well. What around 1942 Oppenheimer Discussed with Arthur Compton A terrible Poss All the story is that if you stack good things initially, you can do dumb ability that a nuclear test could end the world.

The worry was that The nuclear bomb would create temperatures so hot that Fusion would occur a tiny fraction of the atmosphere. Just one part in 2 million is hydrogen gas. But the worry was that at high enough temperatures and pressures that hydrogen could fuse together, releasing energy, this energy would fuse more hydrogen. It could also break apart the hydrogen from water vapor, causing that to fuse as well.

that would release even more energy, causing yet more Fusion until the entirety of the Earth's atmosphere would become a giant fusion bomb. Recalling his conversations with Oppenheimer in 1959, Compton said. nor was this all that Oppenheimer Feared: The nitrogen in the air is also unstable, though in less degree might not. It too, isn't it just the sun is that it's kind of like the sun be set off by an atomic explosion in the atmosphere.

Most of the scientists quickly realized how unlikely this scenario was, and they continued on with the project. So no one took the idea too seriously, but the thought of starting a fusion reaction with a fision weapon would become very important after the war. The Trinity test was scheduled for 4:00 A.m. but it was delayed due to a storm.

So at 5:29 and 21 seconds, the gadget, the world's first nuclear bomb, detonated. The high explosive, squeezed the core of plutonium inwards. The shock wave mixed the burum and polonium, releasing a flood of neutrons. The the urchin worked, it jumpstarted the nuclear reaction, and now there was no way to stop it.

Huh? Just 6 kg of plutonium created an explosion that was equivalent to nearly 25,000 tons of TNT. The New Mexico mountains were illuminated brighter than in daytime. The shock wave was felt from over 160 km away the mushroom cloud Rose to 12 km into the sky. It was so hot that the desert sand melted into a glassy mineral now known as trinitite.

Fortunately, the blast did not set fire to the atmosphere. A On August 6th, 1945, the Boing B29 Flying Fortress dropped Little Boy a Gun type nuclear bomb with 64 kg of enriched uranium. The nitr cellulose ignited, pushing the Slugs of Uranium 235 together, tipping it over its critical mass. The blast from the explosion equivalent to 15,000 tons of TNT killed nearly 70,000 people.

another 70,000 would die from Burns and radiation poisoning in the following months. 3 Days Later An implosion type bomb like the gadget was dropped on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 80,000 more people. More than 95% of the 200 25,000 people killed in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were civilians. most were women and children in 1965.

Recalling the moments after the Trinity test, Oppenheimer said that he thought of another verse from the Gita world would not be the same. Few people laughed, few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture. the Bhagavad Gita Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him.

takes on his multi-armed form and says now I am become death the destroyer of worlds I Suppose we all thought that one way or another after the war, Oppenheimer was a national hero. His portrait was on the cover of Time Magazine and he became a household name. In 1947, he became the Director of The Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton. He also became the chairman of the General Ad Advisory committee where he became an adviser on nuclear weapons related issues.

He used his position to argue for arms control. In August 1949, the Soviet Union tested their first atomic weapon chat chat. There used to be a time chat where I actually thought that back in the days there was no Wars they had okay I'm not getting chat. don't make fun of me.

they sent somebody from from the King to a room or something. that and they they had a onev one in chess. Okay I'm just kep the video and the US military quickly decided that the best course of action was to develop a more powerful bomb the Hydrogen bomb I'll as the super Oppenheimer was against the development of the Super on ethical grounds and the worry that it would start an arms race. but Truman's Administration pushed through and 3 years later Ivy Mike The first Hydrogen Bomb was tested in the Marshall Islands.

It had a yield of 10.4 megatons of TNT that's 400 times more powerful than the Trinity test. Huh? A hydrogen bomb is actually three bombs in one: a conventional bomb, a fision bomb, and a fusion bomb. The conventional explosives trigger a fision reaction which increases the temperature and pressure enough to fuse dyum and tridium together, releasing a huge amount of energy. In 1961, the Soviet Union tested the SAR bomba, the most powerful explosion ever detonated.

It was another five times more powerful than Ivy Mike around 2,000 times more powerful than Trinity. This kind of arms race was exactly what Oppenheimer had feared in part due to his opposition to the hydrogen bomb and due to his calls to avert a nuclear arms race. Oppenheimer was essentially put on trial to revoke his security clearance. He had been surveilled while he was working for the Manhattan Project, but that surveillance didn't stop after he left.

Many of the Wir Taps were legal and warrantless. Oppenheimer was questioned about his ties to the Communist party, including his affair with Jean Tatlock, a Communist Party member while he was leading the Los Alamos lab. He was essentially accused of treason and Espionage in December 1953 CH chat but I'm confused I'm confused. If his intention wasn't that then then he would have completed the project or or whatever right am I just dumb.

Oppenheimer Had his security clearance suspended. his face now grim and in black and white, was once again on the cover of time. His security hearings were international news in 1964. German Playright Hinar Kiphart wrote a play about Upen Imer's life Oppenheimer was sent a copy of this script and he hated it so much that he threatened to sue.

He especially despised the final scene where the character of Oppenheimer realizes the evil of his work and I quote we have been doing the work of the Devil to Oppenheimer It was always more complicated than that I think that it probably was assumed. it certainly was always assumed at Lo Alos that if the war were not over and not clearly to be brought to a conclusion by diplomatic means, uh, this weapon would play a part at the time. the alternative: the campaign of invasion was certainly much more terrible for everyone concerned. I Think that Hirosima was far more costly and life and suffering and inhumane than it needed to have been to have been an effective argument for ending the war.

This is easy to say after the fact in 1965, he was asked about the recent proposal of talks with the Soviet Union to Halt the proliferation of nuclear weapons and his response was should have been done the day after Trinity Later that same year, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. He was a lifelong smoker and he died on the 18th of February 1967, aged I Didn't I Don't want to laugh my about it, just dude chat because this chat trolls so much about smoking and vaping chat I'm not laughing man, it got off. Man, it's because the chat always tolds about smoking. So whenever you're smoking I think it's funny.

advances in science and technology have given humans tremendous power to make the world better or worse. and nuclear war isn't the only thing we have to worry about. Human-caused climate change poses a serious threat to ecosystems and the most vulnerable people around the world. As I record this, we are in the midst of a heat wave and my folks up in Canada are suffering in the smoke from wildfires.

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